/ _ \ \_\(_)/_/ _//"\\_ more on JOHLEM.net / \ 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0 CYBER SECURITY GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION WITH CONTROLS ====================================================== Cyber security is an evolving field where malicious actors exploit vulnerabilities to cause damage, disruption, and steal sensitive data. Effective governance and regulation help mitigate risks and ensure compliance with laws, standards, and best practices. LEARNING OBJECTIVES ------------------- 1. Understand the role and importance of governance in cyber security. 2. Explore international laws, regulations, policies, and standards. 3. Learn the Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance (GRC) framework. 4. Enhance security posture using frameworks like ISO 27001, NIST 800-53, COBIT, and SOC 2. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES ------------------------ - Governance: Management of systems to achieve objectives and compliance. - Regulation: Rules/laws enforced to ensure security and prevent harm. - Compliance: Adherence to relevant laws, regulations, and standards. VULNERABILITY TO CONTROL/FRAMEWORK MAPPING ========================================== | Vulnerability | Framework/Control | Example Control or Mitigation | |----------------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------------------------| | Weak Password Policies | ISO 27001, NIST 800-53 | Use strong password policies (ISO Annex A.9).| | Lack of Access Controls | NIST 800-53, COBIT, SOC 2 | Role-based access control (RBAC) (AC-2). | | Unpatched Software | NIST 800-53, SOC 2 | Vulnerability management (RA-5). | | Insider Threats | ISO 27001, SOC 2 | Privilege review, activity monitoring (AU-2).| | Insecure Network Configurations | NIST 800-53, ISO 27001 | Firewall rules, network segmentation (SC-7).| | Phishing Attacks | NIST 800-53, ISO 27001 | Security awareness training (PM-16). | | Lack of Data Encryption | ISO 27001, PCI DSS, SOC 2 | Use encryption for data in transit and at rest.| | Poor Incident Response Capabilities | NIST 800-53, ISO 27001 | Incident response plan (IR-1). | | Misconfigured Cloud Environments | ISO 27001, SOC 2 | Cloud security controls (SC-12). | | Lack of Physical Security | ISO 27001, NIST 800-53 | Physical access restrictions (PE-3). | | **Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks** | NIST 800-53, PCI DSS | Use TLS/SSL, enforce HTTPS, implement PKI (SC-12). | | **Unregulated/Non-compliant Systems** | ISO 27001, COBIT, SOC 2 | Regulatory gap analysis, compliance reporting.| | **Data Leakage (EU)** | GDPR, ISO 27001, SOC 2 | Data classification, DLP tools, user access reviews.| | **Ransomware Attacks** | NIST 800-53, ISO 27001 | Regular backups, endpoint protection, segmentation (SI-3).| | **Insider Threats** | NIST 800-53, ISO 27001, SOC 2 | Behavioral monitoring, least privilege (AU-2, CM-5).| FRAMEWORKS FOR INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT ============================================== 1. NIST 800-53: Security and Privacy Controls --------------------------------------------- **Purpose:** - Provides a catalog of security and privacy controls to protect systems and organizations. - Focuses on safeguarding the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) triad. **Key Features:** - Controls organized into 20 families, including Access Control, Incident Response, and Risk Assessment. - Emphasizes risk-based implementation and continuous monitoring. - Revision 5 includes privacy controls aligned with modern regulatory requirements. 2. ISO 27001: Information Security Management System (ISMS) ----------------------------------------------------------- **Purpose:** - International standard providing a framework for establishing, implementing, and maintaining an ISMS. **Core Components:** 1. Scope Definition: Identify the boundaries of ISMS. 2. Risk Assessment: Analyze risks to information assets. 3. Risk Treatment: Develop controls to mitigate identified risks. 4. Policies and Procedures: Document security guidelines. 5. Statement of Applicability (SoA): Define which controls are relevant to the organization. 6. Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and update the ISMS. 3. COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies) --------------------------------------------------------------------- **Purpose:** - Governance and management framework designed to help organizations achieve their business goals through effective IT management and governance. **Key Components:** 1. Framework Principles: - Meeting stakeholder needs. - Covering the enterprise end-to-end. - Applying a single integrated framework. - Enabling a holistic approach. - Separating governance from management. 2. Governance Objectives: - Evaluate, Direct, and Monitor (EDM): Focus on ensuring stakeholder value and alignment of IT with organizational objectives. 3. Management Domains: - Align, Plan, and Organize (APO): Strategy, risk, and resource planning. - Build, Acquire, and Implement (BAI): IT solutions delivery and lifecycle management. - Deliver, Service, and Support (DSS): Operational services and IT continuity. - Monitor, Evaluate, and Assess (MEA): Monitoring and assurance of IT performance. 4. SOC 2: Service Organization Control 2 ---------------------------------------- **Purpose:** - SOC 2 is an auditing framework designed by the AICPA to ensure that service providers securely manage customer data. **Key Features:** - Focuses on the CIA triad: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. - Evaluates security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and privacy. - Provides independent audit reports to demonstrate adherence to security standards. **Use Cases:** - Cloud service providers, SaaS companies, and organizations handling customer-sensitive data. - Example: Ensures proper encryption, backup, and monitoring of data in a cloud environment. **Implementation Best Practices:** 1. Define Scope: Determine systems, processes, and locations to include in the audit. 2. Conduct Readiness Assessment: Identify and address gaps in security practices. 3. Implement Controls: Focus on access control, encryption, incident response, and physical security. 4. Undergo Independent Audit: Engage a qualified auditor to evaluate compliance. 5. Monitor and Improve: Use audit findings to strengthen security postures. **Benefits:** - Builds trust with customers and stakeholders. - Demonstrates a commitment to data security and regulatory compliance. COMPARISON OF FRAMEWORKS ========================= | Framework | Focus | Key Features | Use Cases | |--------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------| | NIST 800-53 | Security & Privacy | Risk-based controls, continuous monitoring | Federal agencies, private organizations| | ISO 27001 | ISMS | Comprehensive ISMS framework | Global standards, GDPR compliance | | COBIT | IT Governance & Management| IT strategy alignment with business goals | Enterprise-wide IT governance | | SOC 2 | Security Auditing | CIA focus, auditing, independent reports | Cloud/SaaS providers, data handlers | CONCLUSION ---------- Understanding vulnerabilities and mapping them to controls and frameworks is vital for achieving a robust security posture. Frameworks like ISO 27001, NIST 800-53, COBIT, and SOC 2 offer structured guidance for addressing security risks, achieving compliance, and aligning IT governance with business objectives. Security is an ongoing process requiring periodic evaluation and updates to stay resilient against emerging threats.